INTERNET OF THINGS

RGPV notes

(Based on rgpv syllabus)

Introduction to IOT :

• The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects,refers to a wireless network between objects, usually the network will be wireless and self-configuring, such as household appliances. (Wikipedia)
• The term "Internet of Things" has come to describe a number of technologies and research disciplines that enable the Internet to reach out into the real world of physical objects. (IoT 2008)
• "Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within social, environmental, and user contexts". (loT in 2020) 

                     

Characteristics of IOT-

Intelligence : Together algorithms and compute (i.e. software & hardware) provide the “intelligent spark” that makes a product experience smart. Consider Misfit Shine, a fitness tracker, compared to Nest’s intelligent thermostat. The Shine experience distributes compute tasks between a smartphone and the cloud. The Nest thermostat has more compute horsepower for the AI that make them smart.

 Dynamic and self adapting : It can be adapt to the environment. For eg: a surveillance system can add that number of cameras dynamically.

 Connectivitey : Connectivity in the IoT is more than slapping on a WiFi module and calling it a day. Connectivity enables network accessibility and compatibility. Accessibility is getting on a network while compatibility provides the common ability to consume and produce data. If this sounds familiar, that’s because it is Metcalfe’s Law and it rings true for IoT.

Self Configuring : Device can configuring themselves in Association with iot infrastructure. For eg:  set of networking fetch latest software update with minimal user intervening.

[ It allows a large number of devices to work providing certain functionalities ]

Interoperable Communication protocols : It support different protocols for different devices and which is interoperable. 

Unique identity  : IP address and URL are used for identity.

Integrated into Information Network : IOT devices can be dynamically discovered in the network by other devices and how the capability to describe themselves to other devices or user applications.

 Sensing : We tend to take for granted our senses and ability to understand the physical world and people around us. Sensing technologies provide us with the means to create experiences that reflect a true awareness of the physical world and the people in it. This is simply the analog input from the physical world, but it can provide rich understanding of our complex world.

Safety: As we gain efficiencies, novel experiences, and other benefits from the IoT, we must not forget about safety. As both the creators and recipients of the IoT, we must design for safety. This includes the safety of our personal data and the safety of our physical well-being. Securing the endpoints, the networks, and the data moving across all of it means creating a security paradigm that will scale.

Conceptual Framework of IOT

1. 

Level 1 : Gather, Level 2 : Enrich, Level 3 : Stream, Level 4 : Manage, Level 5 :   Aquire,Level 6 : Organise

•  IOT conceptual framework is nothing but a kind of equation. 
• According to complexity of system IOT also get change.
• Basic equation of conceptual framework of IOT is   Physical objects + Controller, sensor and Actuator + Internet = Internet of Things 
• Actuator in IOT : It is nothing but we can say it is supporting device which helps other device to operate.
• Along with time complexity in system increases and it change the equation.
• It has more than one equation - Complex equation : Gather + Enrich + Stream + Manage + Aquire + Organise = IOT (given by oracle)
• In level 1 we can see smart sensor and sensor (smart sensor have ability to compute and communicate)
• Smart sensor collect the data and then transmit it to level 2 through transcode.
• Transcode does coding and decoding.
• Level 2: Gateway - Data comes to Gateway after the encoding. when data go to the next level from Gateway decoding is done.
• Level 3: Communication management present there and it send send receive the data.
• Level 4:In level 4 it receive the device data (means the hardware which we are using also registered and only they can access the data). For eg: Considere that two mobile phones connected to each other if first mobile phone wants to communicate with second mobile phone so the first mobile phone is registered and the data of their mobile phone is on level 4.          And that mobile data contained the data of device register and connection or the device identity.
• Level 5: It is a database which stores the data.
• Level 6:In level 6 the data comes in all previous levels are analysed and organized.(Data is analysed and decide whether the data is authenticated sensitive or non sensitive)

Technologies used :-

1. Smart sensor : sensors which communicates with gateway.
2. Application framework : Are libraries with the help of these libraries sensor will connect with Gateway and other devices.
3. IOT Communication framework :  Is medium or protocol. Because of them devices are connected with each other. It may be wifi, internet,IP, Bluetooth. 
4. Gateway : It is the hardware which behave like a gate between the two devices it may be router, server.
5. Protocols handlers in communication management : It checks that whether the device which are connected in IOT has ability or not to access the internet.
6. Message Router : If any device send the message then the router will decide to whom it will go.
7. Message Cache : Will take the recently comes data. 

 For more understanding  video link :   https://youtu.be/C6leaZ3GlUo

Reference Architecture for Internet of Things 

In RILA Architecture, It  has 6 layer and 2 cross-section layer .

Security and management are 2 cross-section layers which affect all other layers.

1. Device Integration Layer : it contain all the various type of devices, receives there measurement and communicates action.        This layer can be appeared as a translator, that speaks many other languages.                              The output of the sensor and tags as well as the input of the actuators, depends on the protocol they implement.
2. Device Management Layer :                        Device management layer control the devices that are connected to the system. Every change to the device's registration  as well as new measurement data, should be communicated from the device integration layer to the device Management layer, hence information can be updated and stored. 
3.  Data Management Layer : It store all the data of things. It is central database.  Hence, the implementation of the  data management layer is strongly  depends on the use case. 
4. Context Management Layer : It explains  the central business logic and it is responsible for the tasks such as defining the goals of things consuming and producing the context situation of the things, evaluating the context situation towards the goals, triggering actions that will help to Fullfill the goals according to the evaluated rules and in last publishing context situation for other things.  
5. Things Integration Layer : It responsible for searching other things to communicate, verifies its communication with the new things is possible  and responsible for a registration mechanism.
6. Application Integration Layer : It connects the user to the things. It is also considered the service layer or even a simple user interface. The concrete implementation of the layer depends on the use case. 

Physical Design Of IOT 

IOT devices may consist of several interface for connection with other devices both wired and wireless. 

These include I/O interface for sensor and actuatore interface for internet connectivity, memory or storage interface, audio and video interface, process and graphic interface.

IOT device can collect  the various  kind of data through the on board sensor or attached sensors

Such as temperature, humidity and light intensity. The sensed data can be communicated either to the other devices onto the closed based servers.

Eg:  smartphone, wearable electronics, vehicles, industrial, cameras etc. 

<Interface - it is shared boundary across which two or more components of a computer system exchange information.>

For more understanding  click here 

https://youtu.be/FPoyhp-xXkw

Network Models

1. OSI Model
2. TCP/IP Mode

TCP/IP MODEL

• Physical layer
• Data link layer
• Network layer or internet layer
• Transport layer
• Application layer

It is a protocol suits.

Types of addresses:

1. Physical address - MAC address
2. Logical address - IP address
3. Process address - port address
4. Specific address - URL

Iot protocols:

Iot link layer protocols:

1. Ieee 802.3 - Ethernet 

It is a collection of wired Ethernet standards. It is uses IO BASES Ethernet over a coaxial cable.

• Ieee 802.3i - it uses IO BASES T Ethernet over copper twisted pair cabels. 
• Ieee 802.3j - IO Gits/s Ethernet  over fibre optics cable.

Data rate for internet is from 10 mbps to 40 gbps

2. Ieee 802.11 - wifi 

Collection of wireless Local area network

(WLAN)  standards.

Data rates in from 1mbps to 6.75gbps 

3. Ieee802.1G - winmax( used for wireless Metropolitan Area Network)

It is collection of wireless broadband standards for wireless Metropolitan Area Network.

Data rates of winmax is 1.5 mbps to 1gbps.

4. Ieee802.15.4 - LRWPAN

It is collection of wireless standards for low rate wireless personal area network(LRWPAN) such as zigbee. 

Data rate is from 40 kbps to 25 kbps it is used in low cost and low speed power constraint device.

It operates on 2.4 gigahertz frequency band.

5.  2G/3G/4G cellular network.

Iot network layer protocols:

1. IPv4 - it is used to identify the device on network using a hierarchical addressing scheme.

It uses 32 bit addressing scheme.

It is succeed by IPv6.

It does not guaranty delivery of packets

2. IPv6 - it is the newest version of Internet Protocol successor IPv4.

It uses 128 bits addressing scheme.

3.6LOWPAN - IPS full form IPv6 over low power wireless personal area network.

It brings IPV6 Protocol to the low power device which has Limited processing capabilities.

It operates in 2.4 gigahertz frequency band.

Data rate in 250 kbps.

 It works with Ieee 802.15.4 link layer protocol.

Iot transport layer protocols:

Provide process to process message transfer capability.

1. TCP : ( transmission control protocol)

TCP is most widely used transport layer protocol that is used by web browser along with application layer protocols such as http, https ,smtp.

It provide error control, flow of control and congestion control functionality.

Provide error detection capability so that duplicate packets are discarded and lost packets are retransmitted.

2. UDP ( user datagram protocol):

It is a connectionless protocol. It is useful for time sensitive applications that are very small unit to exchange and do not want the overhead of connection setup.

It is transaction oriented and stateless protocol.

It does not provide guaranteed delivery of message.

Iot Application Layer Protocols :

Defines how the application interface with lower layers protocol to send the data over the network.

1. CoAP ( constrain application protocol):

[ constraint mean limitation or restriction]

It is also web transfer protocol like http

That is used for machine to machine communication.

It is used for constraint devices, constraint environment and constraint network.

It runs on the top of UDP. 

2. Websocket : it allows the full duplex communication over single socket between client and server based on TCP.

It allows stream of messages to to be communicated keeping the TCP connection open. The client can be web browser comma mobile applications and iot devices.

3. MQTT( message queue telementry transport):

It is lightweight message protocol based on publish subscribe model.

It uses client server architecture publisher are the servers and clients are the subscribers or customer.

4. XMPP ( extensible messaging and presence protocol):

It is used in real time communication and streaming of XML between network entities.

For more topics (logical design of IOT and application of IOT)  click here:

https://rgpveasynotes.blogspot.com/2019/05/internet-of-things-rgpv-notes-logical.html?m=1